Whirligigs by Paul Fleischman :: essays research papers

Whirligigs by Paul Fleischman After getting humiliated at a party, Brent drives away drunk and decides to kill himself. Letting go of the wheel on the highway, he ends up killing someone else. He killed a girl named Lea. Her mom asks Brent to put up 4 whirligigs, one in each corner of the US. Since they were Lea’s favorite toys, they’re meant to be monuments representing Lea’s ability to make people happy. With wood, sum tools, a book on whirligigs, and a bus pass, Brent leaves on his trip to build the whirligigs. In each of the 4 states, someone sees’ one of the whirligigs and learns a lesson. After seeing the whirligig in Florida, a young Puerto Rican dad learns an important lesson. It’s that people in a group can make good music or bad music. A young girl and her dying grandmother get a lot closer after seeing the whirligig in San Diego, California. In Washington, an adopted kid finds out that his life isn’t that bad after all. And lastly, a girl and her best friend are reunited in Maine. The biggest lessons learned are the ones that Brent learns on his trip to the four spots. All kinds of people contribute to Brent’s change of attitude; one comment or story or facial expression at a time. Not only does he help himself, but also several people that he meets. Some of the conflicts were the times when the kid was throwing rocks at his first whirligig, and when he left his whirligig book on the bus. Each conflict leads to a good ending though. The kid that was throwing rocks at it somehow gained a respect for the whirligig, after his mom told him off. Brent figured that the whirligig had helped him this far and now it was time for the book to help inspire someone else. So the whirligigs turned into a far bigger influence than anyone else could imagine. The rising action of the story was when he would find friends and they would help him to realize certain things about himself. The biker that he met helped him get started on stars. One of the maids that he met on his trip had shown him kindness and through this, she taught him that u can always have a fresh start or second chance at life as long as you try hard enough. And the artist that he met at the ocean helped him learn that u shouldn’t always judge a book by its cover, there might be more to someone than you think.

Development of the Ancient Roman Navy Essay

Naval warfare was considered a second thought to most ancient Romans. It never carried the same prestige as that of a legionary. Before the First Punic War the Roman navy consisted mainly of allied ships and a few Roman ships that had crews that were very inexperienced. When entering the First Punic War they realized they needed to develop a navy to match the superior Carthaginian fleet. The fleet that the Romans had before the war would never withstand any naval battles. In building their navy, the Romans were able to utilize their resources, their allies’ resources, as well as some ingenuity to help overcome their naval weaknesses and defeat the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The Romans lost many fleets and sailors throughout the course of the war but their persistence and determination ultimately helped them prevail. In the beginning, Rome founded colonies to provide coastal defence as opposed a naval force to police the shores of the surrounding territories. They used the warships and crews from naval allies, freedmen, and marines from lowest class eligible for military service. Romans dominated the sea by gaining possession of the land. Given the limited range of ships, this was an effective strategy. Ships were only constructed as a last solution to a military problem. As soon as a victory was achieved, the ships were left to wither and the naval needs were met by relying on allies. It was Rome’s success on land that made such indifference about naval battles. However, if there was ever a need for naval battle, their small navy could never withstand such a task. There was very minimal naval conflict between Rome and its enemies leading up to the First Punic War. Once the Punic War began they knew the only shot they had to defeat Carthage was to create a navy that would rival that of the mighty Carthaginians. In order to rival Carthage’s navy, they would need a design for their ships, a way to build them and people to man them. The ships were built based on a sunken Carthaginian quinquereme off the west coast of Sicily. The Roman’s then set out to build one hundred quinqueremes and thirty smaller ships such as triremes (Sage 285). Quinqueremes were the heaviest ship of the time. They had three banks of oars and 180 oars. There were two people on the upper oar and one on the lower oar. The trireme had 170 oars, there were three banks of oars and there was one rower per oar (Mitchell). They were able to gather the necessary resources from Rome and get the ships built or borrow from naval allies. The crews were assembled from naval allies, freedmen and marines from the lowest class eligible for military service. The navy was never held in the same esteem as legionaries so they never got the same quality of recruits. This ability to utilize their resources was key in helping in creating the future of the Roman navy. The Roman’s lack of any skill on the sea should have cost them the naval battles of the First Punic War but that was not the case. The Romans invented a device to essentially create land battles on the sea. This device was called a corvus or the raven. Polybius’s description of the corvus and how it was used is as follows: â€Å"†¦ a round pole stood on the prow of the ship sixteen feet high and about one foot in diameter. It had a pulley on its top and around it was placed a boarding bridge made of crossed planks nailed together which was four feet wide and twenty four feet long. There was an oblong hole in the bridge, which was placed around the pole twelve feet from its end. There was a knee-high railing on each side of the boarding bridge and at its end was fastened an iron object shaped like a pestle pointed at one end with a ring at the other end so that the whole apparatus looked like a device for grinding grain† (Polybius)The corvus proved vital during the First Punic War, especially at the Battle of Mylae. It would be swung around and brought down hard on an enemy ship. Then the troops would charge over the plank two by two. The first two men protected the rest by raising their shields. The men behind would place their shields over the railing and protect from the sides. The Romans captured the first thirty two ships that attacked them. The rest of the Carthaginians then approached and saw the devastation that the corvus had done. They turn to try and attack the sides or stern of the Roman ships but the corvus was able to turn and attack from different angles. After seeing this, the Carthaginians fled in fear after what had happened and after losing fifty ships (Polybius). The Romans won a decisive victory through the use of the corvus and made their presence known on the Mediterranean. The Romans ingenuity through creating the corvus is very clear and helped through the early development of the Roman navy. Though the corvus has many positive features, some of its negative features were starting to come about as the Romans started to sail more and farther. The corvus was placed at the bow of the ship so it made the vessel unstable during rough weather. As a result, most of the casualties of the First Punic War were at the hands of Mother Nature as opposed to the Carthaginians. This, and the Romans inexperience at sea cost them heavily as they lost 284 ships in a storm off the outer coast of Sicily. They had lost a lot of ships and only had 80 remaining at the time (Tarn 53). However, Rome’s success came from its superior manpower resources which allowed it to man new fleets despite these sever losses. To prove the Roman’s determination, they built a fleet of 200 ships. This did not go without disaster either. Another storm cost the Roman’s 150 brand new shipsin 253 BC off the Lucacnian coast and subsequently the Romans lost their only major naval defeat of the war in 249 BC when a surprise attack failed at Drepana. Thirty Roman ships were able to escape but 93were captured (Tarn 54). The Romans appeared to have given up on their naval efforts. It looked as though Carthage ruled the sea once again. No ships were being built and the Romans were sticking to the land the tactics that they knew best. However most of the Roman’s naval losses can be attributed to bad luck and inexperience on the sea. By 242 the Carthaginian General, Hamilcar Barca, had enjoyed success in Sicily and by now the Romans felt the war had dragged on for too long. They were determined to return to the sea and finish the Carthaginians once and for all. There was one problem though. The Roman treasury was empty and they had no money to spend on building another fleet. The government then turned to the wealthy citizens of Rome and begged for money to build a new fleet. The wealthy agreed in a sign of patriotism and they went ahead and successfully financed construction on a fleet to end the war (Rickard). This shows the Romans determination, persistence and ability to utilize the wealth of Rome. The Romans felt they didn’t need to repeat what had happened with the corvus again so they omitted it from their new ship designs. This resulted in the Roman ships being much lighter and much more manoeuvrable then the Carthaginian ships. The Romans met the Carthaginians in 241 BC where they cut them off at the Battle of the Aegates Islands. The Carthaginians ships had very inexperienced crews as they were newly enlisted men who had just signed up for this battle. They couldn’t handle the heavy and unwieldy Carthaginian ships with their lack of skills and experience. Similar to the way the Romans were before the beginning of the First Punic War. The Carthaginians were commanded by Hanno and the Romans were commanded by Catulus. The fighting was predictably one sided as the Romans captured 70 ships and sunk 50 ships. Hanno was subsequently executed for his failure in this battle. After the Battle of the Aegates Islands, Hamilcar was allowed to negotiate terms of surrender. The terms included money to pay for the newly constructed fleet and no Punic war ships were allowed in Italian waters (Rickard). The Romans were victorious and the Punic War came to a close. Through fierce determination to rebuild the Roman Navy in 242 BC and their ability to adapt their ships to the new circumstances led to a Roman victory and a strong development of the Roman Navy. The development and redevelopment of the Roman navy during the First Punic War shows a number of qualities that were key to Roman domination in the next centuries. Their adaptability and ability to make a strategic assessment of the Carthage navy and how to overcome it was very important in leading to a victory in the First Punic War. Through their determination and persistence they were able to learn from their mistakes and overcome what had cost them their early losses. It was the Romans ability to utilize available resources to reconstruct their destroyed navy. They also came up with a creative solution to a problem of attacking ships to help benefit their strengths of hand to hand combat. This was a very strong development of the Roman navy and led to their stranglehold on the Mediterranean for the majority of the next centuries. In fact, during the Second Punic War, Hannibal abandoned his once powerful Carthage fleet to focus on conquering by land. The victories in the sea bred confidence in the Roman navy. They were able to bring the battle directly to the Carthaginians and take it out of Italy. With the final destruction of Carthage and the end of the Third Punic War, Rome was the master of the Mediterranean. This as a result reduced any threat of a naval power and the navy had reached its height (Gabriel). In conclusion, the First Punic War was the spark that set off the Romans to put a lot of time, resources and manpower into developing and redeveloping their navy to become the super power that it was.

Women s Rights And Responsibilities Of Adulthood Essay

At the divine age of eighteen, one acquires the rights and responsibilities of adulthood. Whether that may be moving out, joining the military, voting, buying tobacco products, possessing firearms, and even legal documentation of marriage. All of these can be done without a parent or guardian’s consent. Thus, this age advancement not only grants freedom to young adults, but legally one is expected to make and be held accountable for adult their decisions, as well. Yet, the idea of allowing one below the age of twenty-one to obtain alcohol is still illegal, which can be an unsettling thought since the government trusts eighteen to be a mature enough age to no longer be considered a minor. In spite of the fact that in order to drink an alcoholic beverage, legally, one must be above the age of twenty-one, those under age still consume just as frequently as those above the age. Even those younger than eighteen manage to get their hands on alcohol. There should be a strengthened system for those selling and providing alcohol to anyone making the purchase. Along with that those who are no longer considered a minor in the United States Government’s eyes should have the right to obtain, purchase, and enjoy an alcoholic beverage. In all reality, until thirty-two years ago, those above eighteen could consume just as freely as desired. This was changed when the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed changing the legal age from eighteen to twenty-one. On the contrary to,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stress On Our Lives1381 Words   |  6 Pagesis something that is dealt with at some point in life. 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The women are in charge of household duties. This includes things such as cooking and cleaning. On top of having these tasks, they also have the main responsibility of raising the children, usually the father, will help raise the boys into men. Woman also have a duty in the book to makeRead MoreSexuali ty And Criminality By Leslie Bell Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesof the most emotive issues witnessed in the modern society. These issues include sexuality and criminality. In the first article, Leslie Bell mostly focuses on female sexuality largely detailing the often-confusing situations that twenty-something women have to contend with based on their sexual freedom. Religious and social beliefs that prevail in the society fuel the emotions that enhance the hard decisions made concerning the female sexuality debate. 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(Smith) Also, â€Å"Larger shares of young women are living at home with their parents or other relatives than at any point since the 1940s The result is a striking U-shaped curve for young women – and young men – indicating aRead MoreThe Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesothers, turning twenty-one might mean a whole new world of freedom. Young teens and adults drink for many reasons. Teens may drink because of peer pressure, others because of pure enjoyment, and many for of the thrill of breaking the law. Before the 1980â€⠄¢s, the legal drinking age was eighteen. This would only make sense because at this age a person is declared an adult. 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Should Freedom Of Speech Be Limited - 2092 Words

Madeline North Philosophy and Critical Thinking Term Paper 12/07/2016 Should Freedom of Speech be Limited? This year’s election alone has brought about many emotions and deep rooted feelings that have not come out in years. Hate speech and actions carried out because of hate speech has cause a deep division in American culture. Groups like â€Å"Black Lives Matter†, â€Å"All Lives Matter†, and â€Å"Alt-Right† are all under fire for things that have been said or done in the names of these groups. There has been terrorist attacks in the names of religious groups whom believe that a newspaper or group has insulted their religion, beliefs, and gods. Not to mention our own President Elect of the United States, Donald Trump, has been accused of fueling much of the hate speech we see today. This begs the question, should freedom of speech have any restrictions or be limited in any way, or is that unconstitutional? To look at this we must first identify what â€Å"Freedom of Speech† is as defined in the constitution and how it relates to current issues in the world and in America, then I will talk about some situations where regulation is already put in place in America, lastly we will look at some situations where I believe freedom of speech could use some clarification or restriction. Freedom of speech is defined by the first amendment as â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or ofShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Speech Should Not Be Limited1835 Words   |  8 PagesFreedom of Speech Should not be Limited Censorship is the limitation of writing or speech that is considered to be harmful to the citizens of the nation. Even though censorship can be carried out by individuals, mostly it’s carried out by the government and used to suppress speeches and media contacts. The idea of censorship spread in Western Europe soon after the printing press in the late 1400s. Before printing, books were made in monasteries, and they decided what to control. The invention, printingRead MoreFreedom Of Speech Should be Limited Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Do you believe that free speech as proscribed under the first amendment of the constitution should be limited? The entire American Government is based in the belief that all human beings are born with certain rights. People do not receive their rights from the Government; its function is actually to guard the rights we already have. Citizens are protected by the first amendment, which prohibits government from acting against anyones rights. The first amendment applies to every singleRead MorePersuasive Essay On Hate Speech1612 Words   |  7 Pages In the name of free speech, hate speech should not be tolerated. Hate speech has devastating effects on the people and communities it is targeted at. 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We could believe in things,people or anything we have strong beliefs in. Students of any college should not be told by any any college officials what they can say and what they cannot say, they should be able to express any beliefs they feel strong about .students should be able to express what theyRead MoreLimits Of Freedom Of Speech1210 Words   |  5 Pagesprivileges. One of those rights and privileges we are grateful for is the very first amendment, and the first amendment is the right to freedom of speech. And the ongoing question is whether we should place limitations of the said amendment. My dad used to say â€Å"Without the freedom to offend we cannot fully and entirely have Freedom of speech.† Freedom of speech should be limited due to the array of dangerous ways it can be used. Anything can be seen as offensive. If a song is deemed as offensive by one person

Burkitt Lymphoma Research - 778 Words

Running Head: Burkitt Lymphoma Research Proposal in Kenya. Name of the Author University Affiliation Course Date of Submission Burkitt Lymphoma Research Proposal in Kenya. Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) is among the most aggressive cancerous tumors that attack humans. It is named after David Burkitt who first discovered and described this kind of tumor in children in Africa. It is more common in men than in women. The spread of this endemic is however rampant in both children and young adults. BL attacks people who have poor immunity. The research will revolve around Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and the Ubiquitin influences in inactivation the inactivation of the INK4/ARF locus in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines(Roberti, Rizzolio,†¦show more content†¦These are some of the problems and challenges expected whose answers lie with the success of the research and government guidelines and policy to license the production of the drugs. Internationally, among the medical researchers who take the line of Burkitt lymphoma are less than 300 annually. Highlighting and pinpointing the need of fresh and new graduates in particular, to dedicate themselves and venture into Bur kitt lymphoma research will definitely be a plus on the global scale of advance medical care and treatment for patients detected to contain this condition (Cozzi et al., 2011). References Cozzi, M., Giorgi, F., Marcelli, E., Pentimalli, F., Forte, I. M., Schenone, S, Giordano A. (2012). Antitumor activity of new pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine SRC kinase inhibitors in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and its enhancement by WEE1 inhibition, 11, 1029-1039. Leukemia Lymphoma Society (LLS). (2009). Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Magrath, I. (2012). Hindawi Publishing Corporation: Advances in Hematology. Towards Curative Therapy in Burkitt Lymphoma:TheRoleofEarlyAfricanStudiesinDemonstrating the Valueof CombinationTherapy and CNS Prophylaxis, 2012, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2012/130680. Roberti, A., Rizzolio, F., Lucchetti,C., Leval, L., Giordano, A. (2011). Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation and methylation-induced gene silencing cooperate in the inactivation of the INK4/ARF locus in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines,Show MoreRelatedBurkitts Lymphoma Disease Essay3211 Words   |  13 Pages Burkitt’s lymphoma is a very aggressive form of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The disease is related with Epstein-Barr virus and was one of the first tumours shown to have a chromosomal translocation. The Burkitt’s lymphoma disease is the most common childhood cancer where malaria is predominantly an epidemic. About10% of all malignant diseases in children under 15 years of age. Disease is very common in those whose immune system is not functionally efficient. 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The Ame rican Cancer Society estimates that 72,580 people in the Unites States will be diagnosed with the disease just in the year 2016 alone. Of that number, there are about 20,150 people expected to die from the disease. There is also a 2% chance of people in the United States developing the disease (American cancer society, n.d.). There have been many researches done about theRead MoreThe Merkel Cell ( Mcc )1459 Words   |  6 Pagesnaturally exposed to MCPyV, very few have MCC; therefore, other factors such as an immunosuppressed state likely contribute to viral integration, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis [30]. Other tumors that have viral origins include Kaposi sarcoma and Burkitt lymphoma; these also have a higher incidence in immunodeficient patients. (MA, 2014)Another cause is DNA Damage and mutations during cell division. This is an issue because MCC also spread aggressively through the blood vessels, to lymph nodes, and otherRead MoreBiological Evolution Of Cancer And Its Effec ts On The World2073 Words   |  9 Pageseven longer than that of the human being, because before the appearance of human, there have been other animals and plants living in this planet, and the malignant tumor may just appear on any kinds of creatures. But the real beginning of cancer research only start from modern times. In 1775, Pott reported that the workers who clean the chimney are more easily to get carcinoma of scrotum. This drew the attention of people to the cancer and the factor of environment. In the end of 18th centuryRead MoreStructure And Function Of Proteins2165 Words   |  9 Pagesto the active site of the enzyme. Stated by Blaber (2001), the ‘lock and key’ model has been proposed by Fischer for this process, however, IB Guides (2012) state that the ‘induced fit’ model is more precise than the ‘lock and key’ model. Further research conducted by Koshland revealed that upon contact with a specific substrate, the shape of the active site of an enzyme changes slightly, causing the substrate to bind more tightly to the enzyme. Both models can be illustrated as shown in figure 1

Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure. Answer: Introduction: Green house warming is an increase in the temperatures of the world. This incidence is attributed to solar radiation being trapped within the earths atmosphere. Global warming is an issue of concern in our world today(Jacobson Deluchi, 2011). Scientists have unveiled various causes of global warming. Man made greenhouse warming is a major contributor that cannot be undermined. Increased production of carbon (IV) oxide and methane from burning fuels, peat, coal have all increased the ability of the atmosphere withhold more energy thus increase in earths temperatures. The most pernicious argument is to assert that solar irradiance is the cause of our ever increasing temperatures. The article reported that only a quarter of the claimed increase in temperature as recorded over the past 15 years as earlier published and it also mentioned that the rate of warming was 0.05C per decade which was below computer predictions. It was reported that scientists had accepted that computers may have falsified the effects of emission of carbon in relation to world temperatures(Michael, 2015). The report attested that the world is as warm as it were before the industrial revolution. Similarly it held that Antarctic sea ice has grown contrary to computer models that had forecasted a decline. It also reported that scientists did not mention about the ever increasing frequency of hurricanes as earlier stated. The main publication in the daily mail which was attacked is computers got the effects of greenhouse gases wrong . This information did not present facts neither could it be verified. (Rose, 2013) Analysis of the existing situation revealed that there was misinformation as far as the report in the daily mail is concerned. This misrepresentation of information brought fury among consultants and concerned parties (Rose, 2013) The Daily Mail misrepresented scientific facts. The warming rate as originally stated by IPCC in 2007 was 0.2C per decade. The idea that scientist had accepted that the computers had falsified effects of carbon emission are baseless. Studies show that the world today is warmer than a century ago. One of the modern agricultural practices that farmers use is the application of pesticides and fungicides. Weeds and pests have become a menace to farmers. This has actuated the use of fungicides and pesticides to control their effects and to secure farmers returns. The use of chemical insecticides and pesticides is not void of shortcomings that we have to bear with. The extensive use of chemicals has interfered with the natural ecosystem so as to maintain a narrow bio-diversity; this has changed the equilibrium in the ecosystem. According to Buttel, Foster Magdoff (2015), some pests and insects have been confirmed to develop resistance and in turn strengthening offensive traits. In figure 4, the large gap between human population and total energy consumption in the 20th century is as a result of energy demanding informational, industrial and technological activities that are driven by extra-metabolic energy derived from the burning of oil, coal and gas other sources supplementing metabolic energy. The society became more sophisticated with the ever increasing population that used more chemical energy to run activities (Jacobson Deluchi, 2011). The small gap between human population and total energy consumption during industrial revolution is attributed to the early life of human civilization. Man depended on metabolic energy to run his activities. The use of wind, water mills, wood and charcoal were employed. This gap does not mean that we are eating more calories and phytomass, but it shows how the contemporary man requires more energy in the day to day life. Humans are on a trend of continual production of energy to sustain the ever increasing energy demanding technological, informational and industrial ventures. According to (Michael, 2015)we are burning living biomass faster than the earth can replenish it. This therefore means there is a rapid depletion of chemical energy Works Cited Buttel, F. H., Foster, J. B., M. F. (2015). Hungry for profit: The Agribusiness threat to farmers, food, and the environment. New York: NYU Press. Jacobson, M. Z., Deluchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy. New York: CRC Press. K. (2015). Empirical Evidence that humans are causing global warming. Skeptical Science . Rose, D. (2013). World's top climate scientists confess: Global warming is just QUARTER what we thought - and computers got the effects of greenhouse gases wrong. The Daily Mail .

Patronage System in Renaissance free essay sample

Changes of the patronage system during Renaissance Different from the fully developed art market today, there were few individual traders of art works in the Renaissance period. Historically, artists rarely undertook major artworks without a patron’s concrete commission. The patron could be a civic group, religious entity, private individual, or even the artists’ guild itself. Art patrons before the Renaissance period tended to be either royalty or clergy. Kings from various kingdoms commissioned works of art and architecture from famous artists and architects of the period. In the early part of the Renaissance Northern Europe especially the Holy Roman Empire whose core was Germany enjoyed a relatively stable economic period. Without a dominant court culture the clergy and merchants became patrons of the arts. The dominant themes of this period were mostly religious themed art. The artist would submit proposals to his patron for approval and if approved would begin the project with the patrons guidance. We will write a custom essay sample on Patronage System in Renaissance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Usually the painting or sculpture was meant to project the wealth and power of the patron. The most dominant themes were religious themes. Art patronage in the Italian Renaissance came from different sources, public and private, religious and secular, much as it does today. It was not always so. Times were hard for rich and poor alike during the Middle Ages. Europe saw the collapse of the feudal system. Following this, peasants who had previously worked the fields under the protection of their feudal lords left the countryside, migrating to the towns and city centers in pursuit of more lucrative means of support. As population centers became crowded, unfortunately, so followed the Black Death, wiping out a large percentage of the inhabitants. Patronage of the arts was given little thought during this time as people were struggling merely to survive. When the plague finally subsided, however, there emerged a new thriving middle class of merchants and businessmen, men who had wealth and leisure time. Some of this wealth was channeled into the arts during the Early Renaissance. Among this merchant class, a new interest in education developed, specifically reading and mathematics, the language of contracts. There also developed an interest in the pursuit of pleasure like music, literature, and fine art. There still remained some aristocratic, noble families such as those in Ferrara and Mantua who maintained great courts. There arose from the middle class new nobility, competing with the nobility to patronize the arts, particularly in Florence. Most prominent in Florence among the new nobility were the Medici, who earned their fortunes in the banking industry. The Medici and other Florentine families of note used their enormous wealth to maintain lavish lifestyles, create beauty, both public and private, and to provide extravagant entertainments for the masses. In Venice art patronage was largely controlled by the scuolas, or confraternities, great religious and social organizations. The church was also an important patron of the arts. Creative individuals like artists, architects, musicians, and writers benefited substantially from art patronage during the Italian Renaissance. Artists in Italy had to go through a training program in a particular guild for whichever art they practiced. Starting from childhood as an apprentice studying under a master and learning the basics of their craft, then as a journeyman studying under different masters and, then finally becoming a master. Artists, who were largely anonymous during the medieval period, began to enjoy greater emancipation during the 15th and 16th centuries, when they rose in rank from artisan to artist-scientist. The value of their individual skills—and their reputations— became increasingly important to their patrons and clients. Northern Renaissance on the other hand evolved differently from the Italian Renaissance. In the north where the central governments tended to be weaker a majority of the arts commissioned came from lay organizations and to a lesser extent the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church was weaker in the north as opposed to their seat of power in Rome. The Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. While Italy and Germany were dominated by independent city-states, parts of central and Western Europe began emerging as nation-states. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and external conflicts between various Protestant groups and the Roman Catholic Church had lasting effects, such as the division of the Netherlands. The political and religious situation in Northern Europe greatly affected the patronage system in that lesser nobles were more likely to be a patron of the arts. Also because of the weakness of the Catholic Church works of art commissioned by the church was not as prevalent. In Northern Europe guilds controlled the artist’s future in the artistic profession. To pursue a particular skill in painting or sculpture for example one had to belong to that particular guild. The Guild of Saint Luke, the patron saint of painters for example controlled the guild of painters. The path to eventual membership in the guild began, for men, at an early age. A child’s father for example would negotiate with a master for his son’s entry into a particular guild. The aspiring painter would usually live with the master. The master taught the basics of his craft. For example how to make implements, prepare panels with gesso (plaster mixed with a binding material), and mix colors, oils, and varnishes. Once the young apprentice learned these procedures studied the master’s particular style. The apprentice would then spend a few years as a journeyman working in various cities, learning from other masters. He then was eligible to become a master and to apply for admission to the guild. The guild, obtained commissions for the new master. His work was inspected by his peers to ensure that he used quality materials and to evaluate his workmanship. The guild also made sure he was adequately compensated for his work. As a result of this quality control, Flemish artists for example soon gained a favorable reputation for their solid body of work. There is a marked difference in aesthetics between northern European Renaissance artists and Italian Renaissance artists. The Northern artists retained the more rigid Byzantine style of painting. An example would be Dirk Bouts, Last Supper, center panel of the Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament, Saint Peter’s, Louvain, Belgium, 1464–1468. Oil on wood. Although it is a marked improvement from the early Byzantine style as far as perspective and the realism of the human form it still retains the rigidity and formality of the movements of the subject. The perspective and vanishing point along with the scale of the painting is better than the earlier styles. In contrast the Italian painters took lessons from earlier Greek and Roman styles in their portrayal of the human form. An example would be Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, ca. 1495–1498. Oil and tempera on plaster, Refectory, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan. His portrayal is a complete departure from the Byzantine style. The human body is portrayed in its natural form and movement the rigidness is not present. The subjects seem to be frozen in the middle of moving as if a picture was taken. The scale of the painting is more realistic, and the background seems to convey a three dimensional image. In conclusion, the patronage system during Renaissance changed by the influence of social, religious and geopolitical factors. However, the most evident thing I can see from the text that is the Italian artists were less conservative than Northern European artists. According to the text, Italian accepted and developed more new techniques and concepts, but the Northern European artists were a kind of sticking on the former styles, and made less dramatic changes. Then, the other thing I did not mention above which could show us Northern Europeans were more conservative than Italians is that Northern Europeans depicted less nude images than Italians during the Renaissance. All in all, no matter what style they used, artists during the Renaissance period left us great works, they are all priceless treasures, and memories of our human-beings’ history.